Mike Hunt Essays - Eskimos, Indigenous Peoples Of North America

Mike Hunt The Inuit I. Intoduction The Inuit are people that inhabit small enclaves in the coastal areas of Greenland, Arctic North America, and extreme northeastern Siberia. The name Inuit means the real people. In 1977 the Inuit Circumpolar Conference officially adopted Inuit as the replacement for the term Eskimo. There are several related linguistic groups of Arctic people. Many of these groups prefer to be called by their specific tribal names rather than as Inuits. In Alaska the term Eskimo is still commonly used. I. Physical Characteristics and Regional Groupings The Inuit vary within about 2 inches of an average height of 5 foot 4 inches, and they display metabolic, circulatory, and other adaptations to the Arctic climate. They inhabit an area spanning almost 3200 miles and have a wider geographical range than any other aboriginal people and are the most sparsely distributed people on earth. II. History The Inuit share many cultural traits with Siberian Arctic peoples and with their own closest relatives, the Aleuts. The oldest archaeological sites identifiable as Inuit date from about 2000 BC and are somewhat distinct from later Inuit sites. By about 1800 BC the highly developed Old Whaling or Bering Sea culture and related cultures had emerged in Siberia and in the Bering Strait region. In eastern Canada the Old Dorset culture flourished from about 1000 to 800 BC until about AD 1000 to 1300. The Thule Inuit, who by AD 1000 to 1200 had reached Greenland, overran the Dorset people. There, Inuit culture was influenced by medieval Norse colonists and, after 1700, by Danish settlers. III. Language and Literature The languages of the Inuit people constitute a subfamily of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. A major linguistic division occurs in Alaska, according to whether the speakers call themselves Inuit or Yuit. The eastern branch of the subfamily stretches from eastern Alaska across Canada and through northern into southern Greenland. This subfamily is generally called Inupiaq in Alaska, but also Inuktitut in Canada and Kalaallisut in Greenland. It consists of many dialects, each understandable to speakers of neighboring dialects, although not to speakers of geographically distant dialects. The western branch, called Yupik, includes three distinct languages, Central Alaskan Yupik and Pacific Gulf Yupik in Alaska and Siberian Yupik in Alaska and Canada. Each of these has several dialects. The Inupiaq dialects have more than 40,000 speakers in Greenland and more than 20,000 in Alaska and Canada. About 17,000 people speak Yupik languages. In the former Soviet Union about 1,000 people spoke it. Explorers and traders do not learn these languages because they are some of the most complex and difficult in the world. They rely on a jargon composed of Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian, and Inupiaq and Yupik words. V. Social Organization The manners and customs of the Inuit are remarkably uniform despite the widespread diffusion of the people. The family is the most significant social unit. Marriages are generally open to choice. The usual pattern is monogamy, but both polygyny and polyandry also happen. Marriage is based on a strict division of labor. The husband and wife have their own tools, household goods, and other personal possessions. Men build houses, hunt, and fish. Women cook, dress animal skins, and make clothing. If one does not take care and help ones kin they will be ridiculed by the community. In extreme cases they can be put to death. If someone of one group harms someone from another, there could be a possible blood feud. This is strongly disapproved. Some groups control disputes by means of wrestling matches or song duels. These songs tend to be insulting. The loser of these might be driven from the community. Alliances between groups that are not related are formed and maintained by gift giving and the showing of respect. The highest such form of gift giving occurs when a head of a household offers the opportunity of a temporary sexual liaison with the most valued adult women of his household. The women can refuse, then they present a different gift. VI. Provision of Food The Inuit mainly eats fish, seals, whales, and related sea mammals. The flesh of these is eaten cooked, dried, or frozen. The seal is their main winter food and most valuable resource. They are used for

Free Essays on Aswan High Dam

INTRODUCTION: The livelihood and stability of Egypt `s population is directly linked to the Nile valley and delta. Although these two regions account for less then 5% of Egypt `s land surface (fig. 1), all its agriculture and water sources are concentrated in these areas (White 1988). The water sources for the Nile are the Blue Nile (originating at Ethiopian highland) and the White Nile (draining east central Africa and Sudan).The river flows through Egypt toward the Mediterranean sea, forming a delta at its south-east coast. Fig. 1 - The Nile path after building the Aswan high dam. (White 1988). Prior to the beginning of emplacement of barrage along the Nile in the last century, the river had a seasonally fluctuating fluvial regime (Hurst 1964). Its annually water discharge at the coast was above 8*1010 m3, caring about 10*108 tons of sediments (Eldardir 1994), and was the main sediment source for the east Mediterranean (Stanley and Wingerath 1996). At the end of the 19th century two major sediment bearing distributors were active (Damietta and Rosetta, fig. 2) (Stanley 1996). A series of barrages along the Nile (north of Aswan) were constructed during the 19th century regulating flow and navigation (Elassiouti 1983). At the beginning of the 20th century the first dam in Aswan, the low dam, was build. This dam was designed to generate hydroelectric power and, to decrease the seasonal fluctuations in the Nile flow (without carrying any water storage over from one year to another). Accordingly, it hasn't stored any significant amounts of Nile silt. During the 1950's the Egyptian government had to face a very high population grow rate (~3% a year). Given its limited resources of arable land in the Nile valley, Egypt was looking for opportunities to expand its agriculture, energy, and associated manufacturing production. The easiest alternative was to expand the irrigated areas and to inc... Free Essays on Aswan High Dam Free Essays on Aswan High Dam INTRODUCTION: The livelihood and stability of Egypt `s population is directly linked to the Nile valley and delta. Although these two regions account for less then 5% of Egypt `s land surface (fig. 1), all its agriculture and water sources are concentrated in these areas (White 1988). The water sources for the Nile are the Blue Nile (originating at Ethiopian highland) and the White Nile (draining east central Africa and Sudan).The river flows through Egypt toward the Mediterranean sea, forming a delta at its south-east coast. Fig. 1 - The Nile path after building the Aswan high dam. (White 1988). Prior to the beginning of emplacement of barrage along the Nile in the last century, the river had a seasonally fluctuating fluvial regime (Hurst 1964). Its annually water discharge at the coast was above 8*1010 m3, caring about 10*108 tons of sediments (Eldardir 1994), and was the main sediment source for the east Mediterranean (Stanley and Wingerath 1996). At the end of the 19th century two major sediment bearing distributors were active (Damietta and Rosetta, fig. 2) (Stanley 1996). A series of barrages along the Nile (north of Aswan) were constructed during the 19th century regulating flow and navigation (Elassiouti 1983). At the beginning of the 20th century the first dam in Aswan, the low dam, was build. This dam was designed to generate hydroelectric power and, to decrease the seasonal fluctuations in the Nile flow (without carrying any water storage over from one year to another). Accordingly, it hasn't stored any significant amounts of Nile silt. During the 1950's the Egyptian government had to face a very high population grow rate (~3% a year). Given its limited resources of arable land in the Nile valley, Egypt was looking for opportunities to expand its agriculture, energy, and associated manufacturing production. The easiest alternative was to expand the irrigated areas and to inc...

Assignment #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#1 - Assignment Example His work can be used by the central banks to curb inflationary expectations appropriately. 2005: Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling: They received the award for their research of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis. Schelling applied the concepts of game-theory to international relations. Prof. Aumann’s work focused on the issue of effect of continued repetition of games on co-operation. 2004: Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott: They received the Noble prize for their research on effects of business cycles on international trade. They examined the driving forces behind business cycles, and analyzed the temporal consistency of economic policy 1998: Amartya Sen: Prof. Amartya Sen received the Noble prize for his work on welfare economics in case of famine, and suggestions to prevent it. His work focused on the human development theory, the underlying mechanism of poverty, and political liberalism. The Oxford English dictionary defines theory as â€Å"an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something† (â€Å"Theory†). Formulation of a theory is a step-by-step scientific process, starting from an opinion to stating the final theory. The starting point of a theory is an observation of a particular process. The interest created by this observation then leads to the formulation of an opinion regarding the process. This opinion is based on the available information regarding the same process, and the researcher’s beliefs. These opinions are also a reflection of the researcher’s expectations regarding the outcome of the enquiry. These opinion and observation then lead to the formulation of hypotheses. Hypothesis is a possible theoretical explanation of the observation made by a researcher to fill the gaps in the research previously done on the subject matter. This is followed by collection and classification of the data. Data collection is followed by the formulation of invariance

Classroom Management and Student Discipline Research Paper - 1

Classroom Management and Student Discipline - Research Paper Example 1). Thus, classroom management is instrumental to both effective learning and teacher retention. Classroom management strategies are highly defined by theoretical assumptions borrowed from various disciplines such as developmental psychology and biology. Borrowing from these disciplines is logical since classroom management is highly contingent to the specific age group. The goal of this essay is to examine the theoretical models behind the practices in classroom management. Towards this end, I will be comparing and contrasting three theoretical strands in classroom management practices. These are reinforcement theory, classroom ecology and group process, and child-centered traditions. The succeeding section of the essay highlights the theories I have chosen and provide examples of strategies that are hinged on the specific theory discussed. The third section will engage in a critical analysis of these theories. In conclusion, I will argue that the major theories though diverging at some points, do not necessarily contradict each other. I will emphasize the need for more empiri cal data on the classroom management strategies and the need for teachers to continuously engage in research to develop effective practices that have sound theoretical foundations. Strategies and practices in classroom management are hardly created from air. â€Å"There is no evidence to support the assumption that new teachers will just â€Å"pick up† classroom management skills given the experience and time (Ingersoll & Smith, 2003, p. 3). Like any discipline, effective techniques evolve through philosophical discussions and sound theoretical background. The following section discusses three of these major theories. Behaviorism became a popular concept in the early twentieth century, from which the reinforcement theory developed. â€Å"Reinforcement theory emphasizes the centrality of

Assignment 6b Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 6b Scenario - Essay Example This approach is generally favorable to a manufacturing division but not for a retail division. The second approach is the negotiated price approach. In this approach, a manufacturing division and a retail division both negotiate a price. The price of a product is set so that all of the variable costs of the manufacturer are covered and the price is lower than the market price, but the manufacturer still makes a profit. This method is commonly used when a manufacturing division has unsold inventory, as it can still sell products by using this method. This method is also more favorable to the retailer than the market price approach. The final approach is the cost price approach. In this method, a product is sold to the retail division at its standard cost or its actual cost. This price may even not be enough to cover all of the expenses of the manufacturing division. This method is the most profitable for the retail division, and it is unlikely to be supported by anyone in charge of manufacturing unless there is low demand for the manufacturer’s product or a massive amount of excess capacity at the manufacturer’s facility. There are several reasons why market price approach is the transfer pricing approach that should be used for Pharmafin’s new modules. One of the modules will be produced internally, and to produce it, the company’s production facilities will need to add new equipment. Production staffing also needs to be increased by ten percent. These large expenditures will make it necessary to use the pricing method that causes the company to receive the highest price so that it can cover the new expenditures. The marketing department shows that there is a high level of consumer demand for the new machinery. Because of this, the new machinery should sell even if it is sold at a higher price. The other two pricing approaches could lead to a lower price, but they might also lead to revenues that are inadequate to cover

Essay --

Physical activity is necessary to develop and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Mainly guidelines suggest 150 minutes of physical activity weekly must be obtained to live a healthy life. There are many factors in each person’s life that determines the activity level of their lifestyle. A study done in Norway suggests youth sports has an influence on how active a person will be as an adult. There have been many suggestions that organized youth sports have an impact on an adult’s activity level, so researchers in Norway decided to conduct a study to see if this was accurate. The purpose of this study was to see if sustained youth sport participation related to the amount of physical activity one gets when they reach adulthood. Another purpose of this study was to determine if youth sports effected male’s adult physical activity more than females. This study relates to childhood obesity because it has been said physical activity is a huge stepping stone to reducing obesity. In this study, children from the ages of 13 to 16 years are participating in sports, which is a means of physi...

College Athletes Essay

There are thousands of athletes playing for different colleges. They put their time and effort in it, yet they don’t get paid. When athletes play a sport, they have even more stuff to worry about than a regular student. They have to worry about their grades, staying fit to play, stay healthy, attend to practice every day there’s practice, and then after practice go home and do all their work even though they are tired. How much do they get paid for going through all that? Zero dollars. College athletes should get paid to play too. The average salary of a third division college coach is forty five thousand dollars a year. An average third division athlete makes nothing. Why are coaches being paid and not the athletes? Yes the coaches are giving up their time to coach the players, but the athletes are too, and they are also risking themselves of getting injured every time they step in to play or practice. If an average NBA player makes about ten million dollars a year then why doesn’t a college basketball player get paid? There is this new rule that when a college gives away a scholarship, it can be renewed. That means that if a player quits the team or gets injured to the point that they can’t play anymore, the college can renew the scholarship and take it away from the player and give it to another athlete or someone else. That is not fair because if a player gets a serious injury for playing, the college can just take away their scholarship, and their career gets ruined. One of examples involved Texas Christian University. Running back Kent Waldrep was paralyzed in a game against the Alabama Crimson Tide on October 26, 1974. TCU paid his medical bills for nine months, then cut him loose. They also took away Adam’s scholarship, too. College athletes are human just like every other student. By not giving them the ability to make money and not paying them, colleges and its members are expecting the athletes to live a sub-human existence, and putting them at a disadvantage to finish their college education. Athletes are big money makers for the colleges. College athletics are a big role in making money, and they attract students to their college. Colleges depend on their athletes to produce and maintain the popularity of their school’s name. Many people argue that student athletes should not be paid because they are getting a free education through a scholarship. These people feel that they have already done a lot for them by giving them a scholarship to their colleges. On the other side, people think that the college athletes make enough profit for their colleges , and they argue that the colleges should owe the athletes more than just a scholarship . Student athletes should be given at least small profit from their income. College athletes aren’t allowed to work. How are they going to pay for all the necessary expenses if they come from poor families? This also leads to players accepting illegal money, cars, and clothes. When athletes that have the opportunity to leave school and turn professional they go for it, because college athletes live in near poverty. College athletes live in near poverty because the money they receive isn’t enough to pay for all of their expenses and necessities. The few athletes that graduate from college, that could turn professional before their senior year, stay because their parents support them by sending money. If college athletes are eligible to be paid, there would be more athletes graduating. Paying athletes would be good for everyone and players would go for an education instead of only concentrating on sports.