International Hrm, Globalization Effects and National...

Question Identify and analyse the relationship (in the context of HRM issues) between ‘Globalisation Effects’ and ‘National Business Systems’ – do you think national patterns are likely to survive during the first half of the twenty first century? Globalisation is a term much talked about in the media, most often by economists. It is having an increasing effect on national business as companies find themselves adapting to increasing homogenisation across the globe. This comes about as a result of increasing numbers of businesses expanding internationally and therefore having to standardise, among other areas, their HRM practises in order to gain the levels of control required to operate competitively. This trend to a single†¦show more content†¦Personnel issues are becoming ever more commonplace with many western companies now reducing the amount of home grown executives working away in foreign countries for extended periods. Due to failures highlighted in the performance of these employees they are fast being replaced by local, third and returning national alternatives. The actual process of HRM in these countries can be much more stressful and difficult than at home with managers often suffering from soci al problems such as cultural isolation and a lack of support for the family’s involved. Costs are also a big factor with local nationals being cheaper to hire and more often efficient at the job in hand. While many leading multinational companies are attempting to standardise their business systems across the globe they often find difficulty in efficiently coping with the differences presented by culture and national identity. The relationship between globalisation effects and national business systems is one of continual each way reaction evolution, while leading multinationals both set the standards in technology and have high influence over many countries, reactions are always occurring on the other side to both adapt and gain from the changes where possible. Some say globalisation has been occurring for as long as civilization has been documented however the relatively recent magnitude of change is presenting ever increasing issues for national and multinational firms and for manyShow MoreRelatedA New Forms Of Trans National Management Organization Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesMultinational companies (MNCs) gradually more control the world’s markets, and are playing an essential role in the globalization of economic movement. In sequence, the need for develop new forms of trans-national management organization is very much necessary where MNCs manage their employees on an international standard and this is viewed as important to the achievement of globalizing strategies (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). A considerable body of literature investigate that transfer of â€Å"best practice†Read MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Hotel Industry Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe interference of globalization in the hotel industry, it is inevitable for the hotel companies to meet with different environmental conditions and forced them to study about different management approaches in order to sustain with competing environmental circumstan ces which would enable them to realize, both negative and positive effects. Since the international trade and business has expanded, there is no doubt that the international linkage is a must. (ZhenJia) Globalization is a procedure thatRead MoreHow Globalization Effects Hrm Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization effects HRM The term Globalization has invaded the mind of every successful businessman and the concept of Global Village is a common issue in the modern business world. What really the globalization is? The answer seems simple if a firm or an organization expands its sales or production beyond the national boundaries, then it is globalization, but it does not cover the real meaning of the term. Globalization actually means more, much more than that; it is realizing that thereRead MoreWhat Role Do Hrm Practices Play in a Business Decision to Expand Internationally?1327 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Role Do HRM Practices Play In A Business Decision To Expand Internationally? 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Both IHRM and HRM have the same management objectives. First, they ensure the business has the utmost satisfaction in the human resource demands. Secondly, they ensure effectiveness in the business through involvement. Third, promote sustainable development of the business by make the most of the developmentRead MoreHuman Resource Practices And Job Satisfa ction Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizational goal and results with a strategic structure. Strategic human resource management is effect with various external aspects. External factors include economic, legal, demographic, cultural, political and technological factors. All these stated factors have changed the HR practices with the channel of time and now HR practices have become more capable in conveying the value to business through changing the system of recruitment hiring, training development, and reimbursement and benefits (StoneRead MoreThe Impact Of Labour Flexibility On The International Management Of Human Resources1741 Words   |  7 PagesResearch critically discuss the implications of labour flexibility on the international management of Human Resources. Introduction In order to sustain in the business market and meet the consumer demands, the organizations and the employers of 21st century are required to come up with new methods and unbeatable prices of products and services. Moreover due to the emergence of globalisation, these organizations are bound to apply cost-cutting approach (lower wage approach), which influences theRead MoreThe Factors Influencing Mnc s Ability1692 Words   |  7 Pagestransfer HR practices from one national context to another. †¢ globalization †¢ embeddedness of managerial models †¢ cultural convergence and divergence of HR practices †¢ institutions †¢ standardization of HR practices †¢ transfer is not a smooth sailing- why? identify reasons that influence MNC’s ability †¢ for examples: cultures differences (power distance, languages); social factors, political pressures; industrial characteristics Along with the trend of globalization, multinational organizations

Acl Ch. 4 Essay - 1016 Words

Classify Command 1. How many inventory items with a market value of $25,000 or more are included in location 02? There are 4 inventory items with a market value of $25,000 or more that are included in location 02. 2. Use the drill-down feature to determine inventory items at cost (field = Inventory_Value_at_Cost) in Location 03 with a zero or negative value. (Hint: return to Classify by using the Classify button above the table.) How many are included? There are 3 inventory items with a market value of zero or a negative value that are included in location 03. Summarize Command 1. How many records are in the table you just created? There are 37 records in the table created 2. What is the Location/Product Class with the†¦show more content†¦I prefer the first cross-tabulate which utilizes location as row and product class as columns. The guideline for selecting which field to include as the row depends on which field you want to find the total amount for. The field designated as column, will be the field that gets a total calculation. 8) Why is it usually more effective to accumulate only one field at a time rather than several at once as you did above in the previous step? The results are in a row/column grid form when more than one field is accumulated at a time the resulting gird becomes very long with too much information. Stratify Command 1) Why might the auditor find these results not very useful if he or she is using the information to select invoices for confirmation? These results are not useful because these amounts do not give enough evidence if there is fraud involved. 2) How many invoices have values greater than or equal to $6,500? There are 8 invoices that have values greater than or equal to $6,500. 3) How many invoices have values less than 0? There are 11 invoices that have values less than 0. 4) What is the largest invoice amount in the new table? The largest invoice amount in the new table is 4,088. 5) How did you determine the largest invoice amount? I used the quick sort ascending command and selected the last (largest) value. 6) What is the average invoice amount in the new table? The average invoice amount is 3,234.91 7) HowShow MoreRelatedLegal Services Act 2007 And The Impact1604 Words   |  7 Pagesof Costs Lawyers (ACL). The ACL is the representative body for Costs Lawyers and under the Legal Services Act 2007 the ACL was appointed as a statutory authorised regulator. This was seen as significant recognition for Costs Lawyers because they had achieved statutory regulation in line with more established legal professions. In October 2011 the Costs Lawyers Standards Board (CLSB) was formed and in compliance with its requirements with the Legal Services Act 2007, the ACL delegated its regulatoryRead MoreBrief Book Summaries on Various Well Known Classic Novels Essay3043 Words   |  13 PagesLoves the river and everything about Becomes a steamboat captain Has to learn everything about the river Lasts for 5 years as a captain Compared to doctor I believe that the author is trying to say how being a captain ruined his view of the river. 4.) A modern equivalent is with doctors and how the way they look at their patients after they have treated them. 5.) I chose these two pictures because they fit the theme of the story. 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Customer Service and Class Discussion Free Essays

MAR1011 WK8 HOMWRK Class Discussion (30 points) This week’s discussion focuses retail distribution strategies. You will have the opportunity to analyze traditional and non-traditional retail strategies. Please respond to the following prompt in the class discussion section of your online course: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service and Class Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now How would you classify Wal-Mart in terms of position on the wheel of retailing versus that of an off-price retailer? Individual Work (35 points) The following assignment allows you to analyze the Mall of America. You will have the opportunity to develop strategies designed to assist the Mall of America in acquiring new customers. Please read the â€Å"Mall of America Shopping and a Whole Lot More† case study (pages 313-315). After reading the case, please answer the following questions: 1. Why has the Mall of America been such a marketing success so far? 2. What specific marketing actions would you propose that Mall of America managers take to ensure its continuing success in attracting visitors (a) from the local metropolitan area and (b) from outside it? 3. Your assignment should be at least 1-2 pages in length. Quiz (40 points) This quiz will consist of questions taken from Chapters 12-13. The quiz will contain 20 multiple choice and/or True or False questions. This quiz covers the following material: †¢In Marketing: The Core read: oChapter 12, â€Å"Managing Marketing Channels and Supply Chains,† pages 271-294. oChapter 13, â€Å"Retailing and Wholesaling,† pages 295-316. MAR2305-14 Class Discussion (35 points) It is important to understand the sources of customer satisfaction in order to address the issue effectively. Lucas provides strategies to identify communication breakdowns. Please review Chapter 7 in Customer Service Skills for Success, and discuss all the following questions: †¢What is your definition of a dissatisfied customer? †¢What are the sources of customer dissatisfaction? †¢What can service providers do to prevent and deal with dissatisfied customers? Individual Work (40 points) Service breakdowns can occur unexpectedly and need to be handled promptly. Complete the â€Å"Handling Service Breakdown at AAA Landscaping† case study on page 248 of your textbook. Please answer questions 1-4. Each answer should be a minimum of one paragraph. The total minimum document length should be 300 words. How to cite Customer Service and Class Discussion, Essay examples

The Classical Ethical Theory for Utilitarianism - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theClassical Ethical Theory for Utilitarianism. Answer: Introduction: Ethics is considered as the framework of moral principles. Utilitarianism can be referred to the effort of providing a solution to the question what a person should do? This acts an answer that guides a person producing the best possible consequence (Mill, Allen Morrow, 2016). In case of deontology, morality of activities are judged on the basis of some rules. It can also be referred to as the normal ethical position. The essay is consisting of the information regarding the lawsuit case against a Facebook post and ethical analysis on the case study. According to the case study, a lady posted some vague information on the social media called Facebook against her friend. At last, because of the post, she had to pay $500,000 ("Woman ordered to pay $500k for lying in Facebook post", 2017). This case study is analysed within this essay on the basis of four classical ethical theories such as utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract. Analysis of the Case Study Based on Classical Ethical Theories: Within the concept of the outcomes of the Utilitarian, all the bad and good generated by the act are being included. In happens regardless of the fact that this analysis is being performed during the act. In this case, the utilitarianism theory is being analysed after the act is completed (Veruggio, Operto Bekey, 2016). As the per the theory of utilitarianism, one of the bad is that the lady who posted the statement had to pay a lot of amount to the victim. However, the alleged had paid the price of the mistake that she has done, she has gone through various bad things during the case was on or after that also (Guillen, Ferrero Hoffman, 2015). The situation has damaged her image in the society. The second bad case is that the image of the victim in the society also defamed. Many people who had seen the image may assume that she was involved in the death of her son, may be indirectly she is responsible for the situation. In general, the utilitarianism theory is a normative framework that provides a customary through which a distinct should behave. In addition to that, based on the standards the current social practices in addition with moral code should be improved and evaluated. One major factor in the utilitarianism theory is that it cannot be confirmed or verified like a descriptive theory (Willis, 2014). This imposes that the two bad situations that has been provided above is not always possible to prove theoretically. In terms of deontology, the prime focus remains on the actions the people take rather than consequences of the actions as described in the utilitarianism theory. The deontological ethics suggests doing the right things, choosing the right path after analysing the choice and confirming that it is actually right and avoiding the wrong path (Farah, 2015). The case study states that the prime actors took mainly two different actions. The alleged has posted something o the social media that she should not have posted before verifying the information and the victim filed a lawsuit against her friend (alleged) ("Woman ordered to pay $500k for lying in Facebook post", 2017). In case of the first action that was taken by the alleged was completely wrong. There is no way to justify her action. In case she has some proof that the posted information was right then her action could have been somehow justified. The second action was taken by the victim and she lodged a lawsuit. Her action is compl etely normal. In some way, it can be assumed that this action was just for revenge. However, if the situation is analysed closely then it can be understood that this is the only way left to her to prove publicly that the charges made against her was false. However, claiming money was not the right action to take (Paquette, Sommerfeldt Kent, 2015). The victim was fighting for her dignity. Through accepting a huge amount of money she somehow left a black mark on her image in society. The fight was to prove that she had nothing to do with the death of her eleven-year old son. The virtue ethics concentrate on the character of the person. It does not have any connection with the actions taken or the consequences of the action. The theory concentrates on the moral character or virtue of the person carrying out the action instead of ethical protocol or standards (Hursthouse, 2013). Along with dealing with the wrongness and rightness of the different actions, virtue provides direction as to the behavior or characteristics a person with moral values will achieve. The first character in this case does not have any moral value. Her taken actions directly defines that the amount of virtue she poses is very little. Making statements in public is that are based on false information is something that no person with virtue will do. The statement was very sensitive. Alleging a mother that she was involved in her sons death is something that only a moral less person as her can do ("Woman ordered to pay $500k for lying in Facebook post", 2017). The other person in this c ase has self-respect and takes the decisions that only a person with moral values can take. She did not directly attacked the persons who was blaming her. The second thing that can be understood about the character of the victim is that she has a fighting nature. She fought until the last moment and won the case. Finally, she was done after punishing the alleged and retained her self-esteem (Bright, Winn Kanov, 2014). The contact ethics states that the people live in the society together with an agreement. This agreement is responsible for political rules and moral of behaviors. According to some person, if the people live in the society by following the contract then everyone can live morally. This signifies that, the action alleged has taken did not follow the social contract (Steverson, Rutherford Buller, 2013). As described above, the person does not have any moral values. As per the social contract theory, a person cannot do anything she wants. Every action has to be abide by some standards and protocols. The victim is seemed to be behaved being under the social contract. The first recommendation would be for the alleged. Before making some allegations in public, she should have verified that the information was real. In case, there was no way that she could find that the mother was involved in the death she should have said nothing. It is better to keep shut rather than suspecting people and blaming them on the basis of false information. The second recommendation is for the victim. She should have not charged with money. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that each of the classical theory of ethics is very different from each other through they are internally connected. Without having idea of one theory, it is not possible to analyze another one. The whole analysis has been done on the basis of reasoned arguments. There are various factors that are needed to be considered while assessing an ethical dilemma. From the case, it has been confirmed that posting vague information about anyone can be really a big issue. The first thing that is to be considered while analysing character of a person is that the actions taken by the person does not always define the person correctly. Reference List: Bright, D. S., Winn, B. A., Kanov, J. (2014). Reconsidering virtue: Differences of perspective in virtue ethics and the positive social sciences.Journal of Business Ethics,119(4), 445-460. Farah, M. J. (2015). An Ethics Toolbox for Neurotechnology.Neuron,86(1), 34-37. Guillen, M., Ferrero, I., Hoffman, W. M. (2015). The neglected ethical and spiritual motivations in the workplace.Journal of business ethics,128(4), 803-816. Hursthouse, R. (2013). Normative virtue ethics.ETHICA,645. Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(2). Paquette, M., Sommerfeldt, E. J., Kent, M. L. (2015). Do the ends justify the means? Dialogue, development communication, and deontological ethics.Public Relations Review,41(1), 30-39. Steverson, B. K., Rutherford, M. W., Buller, P. F. (2013). New venture legitimacy lies and ethics: an application of social contract theory.J. Eth. Entrep,3, 73-92. Veruggio, G., Operto, F., Bekey, G. (2016). Roboethics: Social and Ethical Implications. InSpringer handbook of robotics(pp. 2135-2160). Springer International Publishing. Willis, J. E. (2014). Learning analytics and ethics: A framework beyond utilitarianism.Educause Review. Woman ordered to pay $500k for lying in Facebook post. (2017).Mail Online. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4368984/Woman-ordered-pay-500k-lying-Facebook-post.html

American Jerk, Todd Schwartz Essay Example

American Jerk, Todd Schwartz Essay Example American Jerk, Todd Schwartz Paper American Jerk, Todd Schwartz Paper American Jerk by Todd Schwartz Summary Introduction In his article, American Jerk, Todd Schwartz claims that Americans feign civility, but that society has limited civility to only speeches and books. Schwartzs claim is a fitting description of American society, but as much as his sentiment towards courtesy is appreciated, our problems as a society go much further than civility. Were too far from our food and energy sources. Schwartz explains in paragraph 12 and he is right. Americans are so self-absorbed that we dont know where our food comes from. Wed rather mindlessly eat, than know how our food is processed and what ingredients are used. In high school, my chemistry teacher started class by explaining what really was in peanut butter. As most Americans dont know and companies want to keep that way, is that the FDA allows a small percentage of rat droppings in food. So while peanut butter has peanuts in it, it also has rat droppings. In another example of how (overly) apathetic weve become, Schwartz writes, Were all talking to someone all the time, but its even more rarely to the people we are actually with. Social networking sites, such as Instagram or Twitter, have supposedly provided us with all the followers that we need who we deem as friends. These sites encourage cyberbullying, cheating, and pseudo offline relationships. Individuals can now sit behind a screen and spout off hurtful words they wouldnt even dare say in public. It emboldens and strokes egos because individuals feel that everyone who clicks the follow button is their best friend. People are so comfortable with that sort of companionship that they dont take the time to talk to the person they are actually with. (This person is usually a close friend). In Todd Schwartz’s essay ‘American Jerk,’ Mr. Schwartz asks the reader to decide which side of this â€Å"War† they will choose. I appreciate his sentiment towards courtesy, but our problems as a society are much deeper routed than civility. We no longer need to live a life of purpose, rather we attempt to find the easy way out. We no longer need to adventure to the Grand Canyon to see the breathtaking scenery or hear the roar of rushing waters. Trips to the library to borrow the books that we want and need are basically obsolete. After all, we have nooks and apps on smart phones for all our reading needs. Social networking sites and Skype provide us with all the â€Å"companionship† we believe to be necessary. Eventually, we will no longer need face-to-face contact at all. Without personal interactions, we lose any empathy for other men and women because we forget how truly necessary they are. Our television watching and social networking can cloud our judgment and replace thinking with accepting whatever we hear. If we allow ourselves to cease thinking, the struggle for social change is lost. Once we lose sight of our moral code and no longer think for ourselves, we can be easily influenced by the negativity of our society. Popular culture praises materialism, promiscuity, violence, ignorance, and self-hatred. We are taught to believe that the most successful people are those who are beautiful, who have huge houses, who have large amounts of money, and who can do whatever they want. We forget what truly matters. If we allow negativity to fill our lives and our minds, we lash out at ourselves and especially others. As the negativity builds, we lose sight of our blessings and take things for granted. We begin to feel entitled and lose our work ethic. Laziness takes a hold of our lives, and we lose the desire to better ourselves, and even, our world. Conclusion To recab, in older times, before Facebook existed, people would wish their friends a happy birthday in person. Nowadays, all people do is send over a virtual cake, text the words happy birthday, and feel that they have accomplished so much. We have the chance to make our world a better place, but we must take the first step. We must choose whether to live vicariously through technology or take that first step out our doors and see where I feet will lead.

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASAs First Female Black Engineer

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASA's First Female Black Engineer Mary Jackson (April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005)  was an aerospace engineer and mathematician for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). She became NASA’s first black female engineer and worked to improve hiring practices for women at the administration. Fast Facts: Mary Jackson Full Name:  Mary Winston JacksonOccupation: Aeronautical engineer and mathematicianBorn: April 9, 1921 in  Hampton, VirginiaDied:  February 11, 2005 in Hampton,  VirginiaParents:  Frank and Ella WinstonSpouse:  Levi Jackson Sr.Children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson LewisEducation: Hampton University, BA in mathematics and BA in physical science; further graduate training at the University of Virginia Personal Background Mary Jackson was the daughter of Ella and Frank Winston, from Hampton, Virginia. As a teenager, she attended the all-black George P. Phenix Training School and graduated with honors. She was then accepted to Hampton University, a private, historically black university in her hometown. Jackson earned dual bachelor’s degrees in mathematics and physical science and graduated in 1942. For a time, Jackson found only temporary employment and jobs that did not line up fully with her expertise. She worked as a teacher, a bookkeeper, and even as a receptionist at one point. Throughout this time- and, in fact, throughout her life- she also privately tutored high school and college students. In the 1940s, Mary married Levi Jackson. The couple had two children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson (later Lewis). Computing Career Mary Jackson’s life continued in this pattern for nine years until 1951. That year, she became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at Fort Monroe, but soon moved to another government job. She was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to be a â€Å"human computer† (formally, a research mathematician) in the West Computing group at the organization’s Langley, Virginia facility. For the next two years, she worked under Dorothy Vaughan in the West Computers, a segregated division of black female mathematicians. Mathematician Mary Jackson, the first black woman engineer at NASA poses for a photo at work at NASA Langley Research Center in 1977 in Hampton, Virginia.   Bob Nye / NASA / Getty Images In 1953, she began working for engineer Kazimierz Czarnecki in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. The tunnel was a crucial apparatus for research on aeronautical projects and, later, the space program. It functioned by generating winds so fast that they were nearly twice the speed of sound, which was used to study the effects of forces on models. Czarnecki was impressed by Jacksons work and encouraged her to get the qualifications necessary to be promoted to a full engineer position. However, she faced several obstacles to that goal. There had never been a black female engineer at NACA, and the classes Jackson needed to take in order to qualify weren’t easy to attend. The problem was that the graduate-level math and physics classes she needed to take were offered as night classes through the University of Virginia, but those night classes were held at the nearby Hampton High School, an all-white school. Jackson had to petition the courts for permission to attend those classes. She was successful and was permitted to finish the courses. In 1958, the same year that NACA became NASA, she was promoted to aerospace engineer, making history as the organization’s first black female engineer. Groundbreaking Engineer As an engineer, Jackson remained at the Langley facility, but moved over to work at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division. Her work focused on analyzing data produced from those wind tunnel experiments as well as actual flight experiments. By gaining a better understanding of air flow, her work helped improve aircraft design. She also used her wind tunnel knowledge to help her community: in the 1970s, she worked with young African American children to create a mini version of a wind tunnel. Over the course of her career, Mary Jackson authored or co-authored twelve different technical papers, many about the results of the wind tunnel experiments. By 1979, she achieved the most senior position possible for a woman in the engineering department, but could not break through to management. Instead of remaining at this level, she agreed to take a demotion in order to work in the Equal Opportunity Specialist department instead. She received specialized training at NASA headquarters before returning to the Langley facility. Her work focused on helping women, black employees, and other minorities advance in their careers, advising them on how to get promotions and working to highlight those who were particularly high-achieving in their particular fields. During this time in her career, she held multiple titles, including Federal Women’s Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and Affirmative Action Program Manager. In 1985, Mary Jackson retired from NASA at the age of 64. She lived for another 20 years, working in her community and continuing her advocacy and community engagement. Mary Jackson died on February 11, 2005 at the age of 83. In 2016, she was one of three main women profiled in Margot Lee Shetterly’s book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race and its subsequent movie adaptation, in which she was portrayed by Janelle Mone. Sources â€Å"Mary Winston-Jackson. Biography, https://www.biography.com/scientist/mary-winston-jackson.Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow Company, 2016.Shetterly, Margot Lee. â€Å"Mary Jackson Biography.† National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography.

Critique of a Qualitative Research Report Paper

Critique of a Qualitative Report - Research Paper Example Introduction The problem is well defined in the introduction and is based on empirical evidence. The problem stated is easy to understand as it is based not on assumptions but on statistical data. The problem taken in to consideration is of medication errors which, though, have been studied before, lack data on which the problem can be fixed of modified. The rationale for the research is based on solid empirical grounds since the gap between the review of the literature is clearly identified. The limitations of the previous researches are also clearly presented making the argument for the present research a strong one. The problem is a significant one for the nursing profession as it has been found that at least one medication error occurs every day for every hospitalized patient (Institute of Medicine, 2006). The characteristics of the nursing unit are explored in particular and so the findings of the research can be applied in the nursing profession improving nursing practices. Mor eover, the antecedents of both severe and non-severe medication errors and so the error prevention or modification models can be designed and applied based on priority of the errors. Hypotheses or Research Questions The purpose of the study is clearly stated in the beginning of the research, i.e. to investigate if differences in antecedents of severe and non-severe medication errors exist (Chang & Mark, 2009). Both these types of errors were investigated separately. Though the purpose of the research is stated clearly, it lacks research questions. The measures to be investigated are derived from previous researches and then data is collected on these measures. The data collecting method and procedure and the sample size is also explained under separate headings. However, the criterion used to select the sample size is not explained that well and is summarized in two brief paragraphs and does not explain why the selected data collection tools were used over other options. The indepen dent and dependent variables, on the other hand, are clearly specified under different headings. For instance, each independent variable is separately explained i.e., how it is defined and how data is collected for each variable, for e.g. the health status of the patients was defined as the perception of the patients of their health and the data for it was collected by asking patients to rate their health on a five point Likert scale (Chang & Mark, 2009). The literature review is also consistent with the research purpose as it provided the basis for variables that investigated in the research. Literature Review The literature review used for the research includes latest data that was available at the time of the research. Though older researches are also used, i.e. going back to 1979, these researches are only used as supporting evidence along with other recent researches. Moreover, the researches included in the literature review are based on primary data collected for specific pur poses. The review of the literature also provides a solid ground for a new study and the previous studies focus on medication errors as a whole in a retrospective manner and do not differentiate between non-severe errors that can be overlooked from severe errors that may result in severe physical and psychological injury, and even death at times. It is thus important to separate these factors from each other so appropriate actions can be taken. Conceptual/Theoretical Work The researchers have

Economics of the Forex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics of the Forex - Essay Example Starting from the year 1979, the Exchange Rate Mechanism -- ERM of the European Monetary System -- EMS has played a vital role in developing the foundation of the Monetary policy strategies in Europe and it has been a very striving research in the international monetary and exchange rate cooperation of the post-Breton Woods times. There has been a radical change in the nature of ERM, which is from a very fixed exchange rate with a limited mobility of the international capital to the 'hard' exchange rate mechanism which was approved by the Basle-Nyborg agreement in 1987 (Financial Markets and European Monetary Cooperation: The Lessons of the 1992-1993 ERM Crisis)During the end of the 1980's the gratified performance of this 'hard' exchange rate mechanism earned the confidence and increased the general appeal of a more total transformation of the system which was expected to result in agreement and a happening of unification. However, during 1992 a downfall on the past achievements occ urred and also undermined the process towards European Monetary Union. Thus an ERM crisis occurred between 1992 and 1993 are said to be the most historical events in the then monetary history of Europe. Thus their source, effects and inferences are one of the most important events in the current academic and political debates through out the world.The European monetary system was formulated with two major components: namely the European Currency Unit and a fixed exchange rate system known as the Exchange Rate Mechanism. ... as to whether the 1992 Exchange Rate Mechanism crisis in UK occurred due to the European monetary system being predictable, or whether it was caused due to the rising of the international financial markets May be the answers for these questions are in relevance to debates about the international financial and economic policies through out the world. These answers could also reveal the overall economic policy and the exchange rate regimes and there role on the 1992 ERM crisis. Considering a bipolar array where the hard exchange regimes on one side which involved pegged exchange rates, currency boards, taking in of another country's currency are more demanding than the flexible rate regimes. Another major point is that there cannot be any regime that can predict and offer a complete solution to the financial and economic changes that the country will undergo. (Truman, 2002) The ERM crisis was the first of its kind in the current century in terms of both private and official monetary circulation both during the crisis and also before the crisis. It could also be said as the first kind of crisis that occurred in terms of market and financial securities, derivative instruments and the financial market dynamics in the wake of building up the crisis. In view of the ERM crisis the European exchange rate regimes continued strongly support the view of pegged exchange rate mechanism. During the crisis countries and its investors were bailed out with exceptional amounts of official financing. But after the crisis the European government followed a very stringer way of its official financial management in the years that followed. (Truman, 2002) There is always a tension that reflects in every ongoing debate on the relative roles of economic fundamentals and the behaviour of

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Ethics - Essay Example Thus, when studying western ethics, it is incredibly important to be able to understand not just one but several ethical codes. Three of the most important ethical codes are virtue theory, deontological ethics, and utilitarianism. Virtue theory is an ethical code that rests on the intrinsic virtues of an individual. This theory has, in some ways, a highly internalized locus of control, and in other ways an externalized one. This is because one can evaluate virtue either on the individual level (meeting one’s own expectations of virtue) or on a societal level (mirroring societal constructs of virtuous behavior). The most important thing about virtue theory is that it is almost completely unrelated to individual action taking (Crisp & Michael, 1997), focusing more on the internal character of a person than background or consequence of actions. Virtue ethics remind me of times in which I try to improve myself for no reason other than being a better person – holding doors open, for example. Deontological ethics differ greatly from virtue ethics on a number of levels. The fundamental idea of deontological ethics is that one must comport one’s self in a method that complies with a set of rules. The origins of these rules can change drastically from philosopher to philosopher, ranging from highly variable understandings of rules as basic obligations to uphold certain philosophical principles, to highly restrictive understanding of rules such as those in moral absolutism, in which certain actions are either considered unambiguously moral or amoral. This philosophy obviously seems prone to an externalized locus of control. This kind of philosophy reminds me of occasions when, as a child, I would behave in a certain way (eating my vegetables, for instance) out of an obligation without necessarily agreeing with that action. The final major mode of ethics discussed in this paper is utilitarian ethics.

Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Built Environment

Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Built Environment Energy constraint and global warming are becoming the key challenges encountered by the world today. Major amount of energy is being used by the building sector for achieving comfortable thermal conditions. Fifty per cent of energy consumption is due to buildings. (Melet, n.d., p.06). Demand for Energy is increasing rapidly. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in its (IEO, 2011) International Energy Outlook 2011: states that world energy consumption grows by 53% from 2008 to 2035. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. It studies and broadcasts energy information to make proper decisions regarding energy efficiency, public understanding of energy usage and proper policymaking. (EIA, September 19, 2011). Sustainable and climate responsive architecture offers feasible solutions to these challenges. Since the pre-industrial era Global warming is one of components which led to Environmental Degradation. Global warming which has risen by 0.7 °C since the last 300 years is likely to be increased by up to 8 °C by 2050 according to the (IPCC, 2007). IPCC i.e. intergovernmental panel on climate change is a leading organisation for the assessment of climate change. It also states that almost 90% of the warming in the decent decades is caused by energy related human activities, mainly because of CO2 emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007).Thus there is a need for urgent action to design buildings to protect us from the effects of climate change and global warming. We have to know from where we are coming to know where we are going- Charles Correa. There is a need to transform the past knowledge to act as a catalyst for the future. Tradition and Modernity are two sides of the same coin and must be dealt with simultaneously. Some of the Architects who have used this into practicality are given. Hassan Fathy did not use any hi-techniques of air-conditioning, instead according to him it is very important to study and understand natural physical properties of heat, wind and water which are the natural environment controls. It is very important to know how native materials can be improved and developed via new techniques, to meet the present day needs. Francisco Bobby Maà ±osa feels that prejudices against older materials can be overcome and exciting new possibly can be created. Charles Correa via his design philosophy of transfer and transformation re-integrates many older fundamental ideas, into his modern designs, which recognises the problems of today, yet show a deep respect for Indias culture and tradition. (Pearson, 1994, p. 122-124). The new Architecture has its roots deep in Vernacular tradition, which is rich in messages that are becoming more and more relevant to our time- messages that help us remember humility and a belonging to the Earth (Pearson, 1994, p.08). For 100 of years common builders have managed to build using small amount of available energy resources without affecting the surrounding environment, thus using it in a sustainable manner. These practices should be used in the conventional architectural practice of today, which are accountable for Environmental crisis. In the midst of great technological, environmental and political change over the past decades, the vernacular has become highly relevant over the past decades either as a technological example, or as a politically strategic element. Given that architecture is inevitably connected to technological developments, environmental issues and political change, vernacular architecture has thus become a central concept in Architectural theory and Practice. (Arboleda, n.d.). Introduction: The assessment of energy and comfort conditions is the most important factor in determining the architectural process. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the most important aspect of sustainable design. Even climate and environmental conditions play a major role in a building design. The main purpose of designing a building is to create suitable condition for human comfort. Traditional builders used limited and naturally available materials to achieve comfort and climate was the major contributing factor in traditional building techniques. Due to the ever growing global concern, use of energy and limitation of resources it is the responsibility of an architect to design buildings which are sustainable. For creating sustainable building it is very essential to ascertain the basics from where this science originated. There therefore arises a need to look back in the past as how our ancestors built their own homes taking care of function, religion, social and spiritual values and above all adapting to the climate for making a comfortable living. So it is very important to study from the past traditional structures built by our ancestors without the use of modern technology and to make use of it in the present scenario for making sustainable built environment. The study of history of vernacular buildings has demonstrated throughout that the buildings have prominent sustainability, whilst fanciful architectural forms do not; they are pleasant and are to preserve the cultural messages they convey. (Ryan, 2011, p.51). According to (Arboleda, n.d.), over the last decade Vernacular studies have become established in the mainstream architectural discourse due to the following 3 reasons: Global Communication technologies: Since the 1960s there has been a great awareness among architects because of the easy and extensive access to the knowledge of traditional communities Global Environmental Crisis: Contemporary interest in this subject has arisen due to resource depletion, global warming and energy crisis. Global Politics: Vernacular Architecture is a valuable tool in the ethno politics. It is a key in ethnically sensitive projects, thus maintaining the cultural identity. Due to these ethno sensitive programs traditional elements are used in the making of new structures but by modernizing or re-engineering it, thus making it modern Vernacular or neo-Vernacular. The Meaning of Vernacular Architecture: The term vernacular originates from the Latin word vernaculus which means local, natural or original developed from Verna, meaning native slave or home-born slave. The numbers of factors which define a vernacular building are based upon time immemorial building techniques, use of naturally available materials, also location of the buildings and its usage. It is passed on by the word of mouth, and materials which are readily available. In addition it is a system invented by the local craftsmen and occupier. Vernacular Architecture can also be called as a structure created by an amateur without any education in this type of designing method. Thus it is a traditional method of building which is passed on from generation to generation. The method of constructing is based upon traditional practices and techniques. It is usually built with the help of family, clan or builders in the tribe and reveals a high level for craftsmanship and quality. The function of the building is the most governing factor followed by aesthetic consideration and use of local materials. Geographic environment is a very important factor seen in a typical Vernacular building; a sloping roof surface is made to bear the rainfall, a circular house form to oppose cyclonic winds, a thick flat mud roof for cooler interior space and to take out the heat of the sun, an inner courtyard for open space. In hot and dry climates, for example, buildings were shaded to avoid unbearable summer sun by tall vegetation, rock overhangs, or, in flat deserts, the courtyard building form. They were placed such that they could also receive the pleasant warmth of the winter sun. (Pearson, 1994, p.95). This shows that vernacular methods are the most traditional method of building structures which are responsive to climate. Factors leading to development of Vernacular form: Vernacular buildings are human constructs which are results of the interrelation between ecological, economical, material, political and social factors. (Asquith, L and Vellinga, M (Ed.),2006, p.110) Bakers remarkable work is seen from the way he uses environment, traditional methods, comfort, culture and technology in his works. (Bhatia, 1991 ,p.3) There is an overlapping of traditional techniques of climatic conditions and vernacular styles. Historically, practical devices were slowly embellished and generalised through repetition to become a part of an architectural vocabulary, a process Charles Correa describes one of the generating forces of architecture. Charles Correa tries to incorporate cultural values and traditional techniques in his process of designing considering the lifestyles of Indian people. (Hagan, 2011, p.116) Tadao Andos works shows compositions, which consists of mainly use of simple forms and visible use of concrete material. In most of his works the use of nature, space, character, climate, weather, and cultural background can be clearly seen. He believed that when greenery, water and light is abstracted through nature the form becomes sacred. (Nute, 2004, p.86,87,88) Vernacular architecture is influenced a lot by human behaviour and environment, leading to different building forms for every different context. Thus from the above references it is clear that there are various factors which lead to the origin of Vernacular form: Climate Materials and technology Site features Religion Economics Socio-cultural considerations The factors which directly regulate the form are: Climate Socio-cultural considerations Religion The factors which indirectly relate show that they restrict the evolution of form but do not essentially regulate the form: Materials and technology Site features Economics Materials and technology: It does not necessarily define the form of a house. Even if same material and technology is used in a particular society yet the forms would vary depending upon the function and culture as well. Site Consideration: Site features may restrict the house form but it does not decide the form. On similar site different house forms can be seen whereas on different sites similar house can be seen. Economics: The economy may affect the size of the house or type of materials and techniques used but does not affect the form. A society with same economic conditions may have different house forms due to socio-cultural values. Due to different views and thoughts people with similar economy may choose different house forms. Religion: Religion cannot totally determine the form alone but plays a direct influence in its evaluation. Religion can have a strong influence on the form, plan, spatial arrangements and orientation of the house. Many houses are built according to religious influence of the society. Socio-Cultural Factors: Socio-cultural or traditional methods of using a place can have direct effect on deciding the form of house. Both physical and socio-cultural aspects affect the form. The physical setting may provide several possibilities but actual choice gets restricted due to cultural factors. Climate: It is the most important factor in determining the form. Due to different climate in different countries the form is found to be similar. The poor thermal performance of the building in spite of using technologically advanced environment systems suggests that one needs to consider the physical environment while generating a building form. Aim: To analyse Vernacular architecture in achieving Sustainable Built Environment for Contemporary structures. Objective: To study the origin of traditional houses and examine its sustainability. To study traditional building material, their sustainability and the contrast with modern architecture. To study thermal performance of Vernacular building materials. To study the role of Building regulation in the sustainability of traditional building construction. Research Question: How can traditional methods of architecture be incorporated in modern buildings? How can the revival of the vernacular in the present contemporary architecture help it to become more sustainable inheriting cultural roots? Methodology: Although Vernacular Architecture is emerging as a very developing area of study, still much needs to be done theoretically, metholdologically and through recording and documentation, before applying it to twenty-first century. (Asquith, L and Vellinga, M (Ed.),2006, p.03) Following are the methodologies used for the research. Literature Review: To read and analyse in depth about Vernacular Architecture using some of sources which includes digital media, web sources, books, published journals in related disciplines, scholarly articles and published papers. Qualitative Survey Using Live Case Studies: Conducting the Case study using Collecting the Evidence method is used here. (Yin, 2003, p.83) Sources of Evidences which will be used here are as follows. Historical Documentation- This type of documentation can be done by using data collected through local libraries or other reference centres. The documents could be proposals, progress reports, internal records, newspaper clippings and other articles appearing in mass media or in newsletters. Interviews- It is the most important part of the case study. Structured Questions will be used as a type of interview along the lines of a formal survey. Such survey can be designed as a part of case study and produce qualitative data as a part of the case study. (Yin, 2003, p.91). Here interviews with building industry professionals will take place (if the project is complete) or interview of workers or managers (if the site is an on-going project). Post occupancy questionnaire will be prepared for the present occupiers of the site to know their perception of the site. Post occupancy evaluations provide an indication of major successes and failures in a buildings performance. They can be used to improve and explain the performance of a building and are useful not only to the occupants and owners but also to the designers, who can learn about both their mistakes and successes and can apply these findings to future projects. Direct Observation- It includes field visits to know some relevant behaviour or environmental conditions. Observational evidence is often useful in providing information about the site. Physical Artefact- Here it could comprise of material being used on the site or any other physical evidence to find out the sustainability of the structure. Analysing Case study Evidence- While analysing the interviews and the questionnaire some common topics will be listed and a checklist will be prepared and the selected case studies will be evaluated against the topics in a checklist. Reporting Case Studies: A standard approach called Linear analytical Structure will be used here. It consists of findings from the data collected and conclusions and implications from these findings. Work Plan: Weeks Activity 1-2 Literature review: Understanding the background of the topic reading various books, journal articles etc. 3-6 Historical Documentation: Collecting data from various sources on vernacular Architecture. 7-9 Case study: It includes both interviews and field work which could be done simultaneously. 9-12 Compilation of data: Review all the collected data, edit and compile it and re-phrasing it in the form of a detailed dissertation report. Possible Outcome: The main aim of the research is to manifest and prove that Vernacular architecture is a solution for todays Sustainable Design principles. The vernacular architectural studies will provide useful insights for designing contemporary structures by taking evidences form the Vernacular structures of the past.It also aims to look into strategies which could be cost effective in construction and specification.The final outcome will be in a form of conclusion report from the case studies which will help in designing contemporary structure using climate responsive design concepts. References: Arboleda, Gabriel.(n.d.). Traditional, vernacular and ethnic architectures from http://www.vernaculararchitecture.com/ Asquith,L., Vellinga,M.(Ed.). (2006). Verncaular Architecture in the twenty-first century: theory, education and practice. Abingdon, Oxon., USA and Canada: Taylor and Francis. Bhatia, Gautam.(1991). Laurie Baker: life, work, writtings. New Delhi, India.,London, UK.,USA, Victoria, Australia., Ontario,Canada.,Aukland,Newzealand: Penguin books. Eia Independent statics and Analysis: U.S. energy information administration. (september 19, 2011) from http://www.eia.gov/forecast/ieo/index.com/ Mellet, Ed. (n.d.). Sustainable Architecture: Towards a diverse built environment: NAI Publishers. Nute,K.(2004). Place, time and being in Japanese architecture. New Felter lane, London., USA and Canada: Routhedge. Pearson, David. (1994). Earth to spirit: in search of natural architecture. London, U.K.: Gaia Books limited. Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., Vander, Linden., Hanson, C.E. (Ed.). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge university press from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm Ryan, Carol. (2011). Traditional construction for Sustainable Future. Abingdon, Oxon., USA and Canada: Spon Press. Susannah, Hagan. (2001). Taking shape: A new contract between Architecture and Nature.Jordan, Oxford: Architectural Press. Yin, R.K.(2003). Case study Research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, California., London, UK., New Delhi, London: Sage Publication Inc.

An Investigation Into The Effect Of An Electric Current On Copper Sulphate Solution :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

An Investigation Into The Effect Of An Electric Current On Copper Sulphate Solution Aim In this experiment my aim is to enforce and develop ideas about the investigation into the effect of an electrical current through copper sulphate solution. Safety - Electricity is dangerous - Aware of coppers sharp edges - Long hair tied back - Use of acids in experiment Diagram 1) Weigh the cathode 2) Set up apparatus below 3) After a minute, remove the copper and shake off the excess copper sulphate solution. Wipe the copper with acetone and waft in the air to remove as much of the solution as possible. 4) Weigh the cathode again and record results. Repeat this procedure for the other currents. The anode does not need to be changed Prediction I predict that as you increase the voltage the mass of the cathode will increase. However much the cathode increases in mass the anode will increase in mass proportionately. I also think that the change in mass will be directly proportional to the charge giving a straight line that passes through the origin. Justification Of Prediction I think the increase of voltage will result in the increased mass of the cathode. This is because the higher the voltage, the more electrons are 'pulled' off the anode therefore more can be deposited onto the cathode resulting in a higher mass. Theoretically as you double the voltage the mass should double giving us a graph, which goes through the origin. Using the equation Cu ² - 2e Cu (s) we know that 1 mole of copper ions requires 2 moles of electrons to produce 1 mole of copper metal. We can also use the equation to predict how much copper should be deposited. The formula is:  ½ x I x T --------- 95600 Next I will show a results table of predicted results, based on the formulas I have given. This will be useful when I have my actual results as I can compare these to what the ideal results should be, and then evaluate whether I have valid results. GRAPH GRAPH Analysis By using the equation, 'Cu ² - 2e’ Cu (s)' and the formula Q = I x T / 95600 we can work out how much copper should have been deposited. An Investigation Into The Effect Of An Electric Current On Copper Sulphate Solution :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation An Investigation Into The Effect Of An Electric Current On Copper Sulphate Solution Aim In this experiment my aim is to enforce and develop ideas about the investigation into the effect of an electrical current through copper sulphate solution. Safety - Electricity is dangerous - Aware of coppers sharp edges - Long hair tied back - Use of acids in experiment Diagram 1) Weigh the cathode 2) Set up apparatus below 3) After a minute, remove the copper and shake off the excess copper sulphate solution. Wipe the copper with acetone and waft in the air to remove as much of the solution as possible. 4) Weigh the cathode again and record results. Repeat this procedure for the other currents. The anode does not need to be changed Prediction I predict that as you increase the voltage the mass of the cathode will increase. However much the cathode increases in mass the anode will increase in mass proportionately. I also think that the change in mass will be directly proportional to the charge giving a straight line that passes through the origin. Justification Of Prediction I think the increase of voltage will result in the increased mass of the cathode. This is because the higher the voltage, the more electrons are 'pulled' off the anode therefore more can be deposited onto the cathode resulting in a higher mass. Theoretically as you double the voltage the mass should double giving us a graph, which goes through the origin. Using the equation Cu ² - 2e Cu (s) we know that 1 mole of copper ions requires 2 moles of electrons to produce 1 mole of copper metal. We can also use the equation to predict how much copper should be deposited. The formula is:  ½ x I x T --------- 95600 Next I will show a results table of predicted results, based on the formulas I have given. This will be useful when I have my actual results as I can compare these to what the ideal results should be, and then evaluate whether I have valid results. GRAPH GRAPH Analysis By using the equation, 'Cu ² - 2e’ Cu (s)' and the formula Q = I x T / 95600 we can work out how much copper should have been deposited.

How Judaism and Christianity Diverged

The origins of Christianity can be originated in Judaism and for that reason it is no surprise that both religions have many beliefs in common. During the earliest beginnings, Christianity was a part of Judaism, but currently they are two distinct communities. However, they are bound together by their belief in one God and to worship any other is to deny Him. The separation between both religions did not happen fast or easy. The entire division took some hundred years and the very complex separation didn’t happen all at once. Christianity began with Jesus Christ and his disciples about 2000 years ago in Judea. Throughout that duration of time, Judea was ruled over the emperor of Rome, Constantine. The Romans were pagan and had polytheistic beliefs that made it difficult for the Jews. Therefore, the Jews began to disgust Romans and wait for their Messiah as was promised. The Jewish law secures that a descendant from the house of David will come to set up God’s Kingdom on earth. Jesus Christ has been known in many names: Son of Man, Son of God and the Word. â€Å"Christ† comes from the Greek word Christos which can be translated of the Hebrew word Messiah. Jesus Christ himself followed the Jewish faith and the Jewish law. From village to village, Jesus began teaching synagogues and healing the suffering. Before long, a group of twelve men followed Jesus after his teachings motivated many people and caused instability that the Jewish authority weren’t pleased of. This had threatened the Jewish people. Jesus commenced on talking about the â€Å"new covenant† that God would bring people through him. It would restore the association between humankind and God that was gone because of sin. It would, also, re-establish the fellowship of forgiveness and love. As a prophet, Jesus knew he would be crucified on the Roman cross to pay for the sins committed by all humanity. As he was saying that he was the Son of God, the Jews weren’t opened to his message. Priests of temples have called Jesus Christ blasphemous because he didn’t fit the mold as the Son of Man, â€Å"Glory of the Heavens†, or the Messiah. He doesn’t look like a king they have imagined and thought of him as pathetic and rejected him. When Jesus first came to Israel, Jesus said publicly, â€Å"I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel. † â€Å"Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed One? † a high priest ask him and Jesus replied, ‘I am,' †¦ And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven† (Mark 14:61-62). This haven’t convinced them that Jesus was the Messiah and condemned him to torture and death for lying. â€Å"Eli Eli lama sabachthani! † was Jesus’ last words as he was crucified as stated in the New Testament. After three days, he was resurrected and ascended to the heavens in front of six hundred people. His disciples began to spread his word to various parts of the world. After Paul, one of Jesus’ disciples and his right hand man, failed to convince the Jews, Paul had to resort to converting the Romans. Around 312 A. D. , Emperor Constantine I adopted the Christian faith and, therefore, legalized Christianity. He supported the Christian Church and tried to abandon all the pagan temples. In 325 A. D. , he sent for the Council of Nicaea to establish the Nicene Creed. The emperor wanted to enforce orthodoxy and to eradicate heretics. Christianity began to spread and detached it’s way from Judaism. The Roman government began to acknowledge its independence and the emperor let them go from paying the fiscus judaicus, a tax for Jewish people as a penalty after the revolt of 66 A. D. Finally, the success of Christianity made it the official religion of the Roman Empire in 324 A. D. The main Christian belief was that Jesus was the savior of all people. Those who believed that Jesus was the fulfillment of messianic prophesy of the Old Testament converted to Christianity, including some Jews. Judaism and Christianity both share the Old Testament and the Word of God. However, in Christian teachings Jesus Christ is the Messiah and the Savior and Judaism denies the idea of him being the Messiah. Initially being a Jewish sect in the first century, Christianity stretched into the Greco-Roman areas. During the Middle Ages it spread into Northern Europe and Russia. Currently, Christianity extended to all parts of the world and is now the largest religion in the world with around 2 billion followers. The religion has broaden to many sects such as Roman catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant and so forth. Bibliography: The Bible. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. RSV Bible. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . â€Å"Christianity. † Religion Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . Wenner, Sarah. â€Å"History of Christianity. † MNSU. Ed. Salman Hakim. N. p. , 2009. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . All About Religion. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. .

Fashion and Modernity Essay Example

Fashion and Modernity Essay Example Fashion and Modernity Paper Fashion and Modernity Paper Fashion is dress in which the key feature is rapid and continual changing of styles. Wilson, E. 1985 Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity London: Virago p. 3 How to identity and obsolescence contribute to this continual change? Illustrate your argument with reference to specific examples. Fashion today is one of the predominant cultural aspects of the Modern Society. We are consistently informed about its latest changes in the quality newspapers, on TV and even in films. Yet it is becoming more of a norm and not, as most of us think, creative. Fashion nowadays is not one established trend; its the multitude of trends. This has replaced the trend which until a few decades ago was the style introduced every fashion season. Therefore, fashion includes a broad range of possibilities now than it did in the first 6 or 7 decades of the last century or any of the past centuries. Whoever wants to be stylish abides by fashion. This causes continuous change. Fashion represents distinctiveness and ephemera. The fact of the ephemera itself is fascinating. Fashion, by description, changes constantly. Since the 1980s and the growth of the global economy, there has been massive growth in the world fashion. The biggest effect of globalization is on fashion, and the changing fashion trends are proof to the fact that the effect of globalization has significantly affected the fashion trends in the whole world. Americanisation is the nucleus of the global consumer society. It has become synonymous with commodification, the rationalising and material power of modernity and Westernisation. The influence of the United States of America on the cultures of other countries of the world is far more negative than positive. Consumers are constantly being manipulated by the foreign influence, which results in the loss of ones own individuality. : For centuries societies have used dress as a form of unspoken communication to show occupation, status and personality. What we wear and how and when we wear it provides others with information of a social situation as well. Even those who reject fashion are connected to it through their refusal. They refer to the current trends in order to break away from it. This is one example of conflicting nature of fashion with its constant changes of styles. These changes indicate reaction against what went before; although they may be self-contradictory too. A Twenties flapper might wear a masculine sweater as to undermine the femininity of her bell-shaped skirt or in the 70s young women wore feminine lace blouse and unisex jeans. Sometimes this paradox appeared pointless. Ever changing, fashion produces only orthodoxy, as the sensation of the never-before-seen adapts to the moralistic principles of the society. The nineteenth-century urban bourgeois, anxious to preserve their distance from the omnipresent gaze in the strangely inquisitive anonymity of the crowd where anyone might see you, developed a discreet style of dress as a protection (E. wilson, 1985 p. 137) Fashion is a modern European occurrence, which is inseparable from capitalism in Europe. It is the progress of the bourgeois 19th century and the industrial revolution. Fashion can only flourish and become a mass event in an industrialized society with developed technology, sound aesthetic taste and uniqueness, as well as wealth. Because fashion is the opulence one must be able to pay for. Both haute couture and mass-production fashion were quick to adapt the youth cult to mainstream fashion. (E. wilson, 1985 p. 174). Although today, in a time of mass production of cheap fashion for all, fashion becomes democratic. But this idea is misleading; even though everyone can be fashionable, fashion still plays the role of social distinction. But the decisive factor is not very emphasized; it shifted from the complete shape to details in preference in fabric and manufacturing. There are also factors such as the way of speaking and personal behavior that reflect social belonging. When dress was the only sign of status these factors werent as primary. Before fashion there was a traditional costume, or simply clothing. Clothing is the more broad term. It stresses the functional roles, such as protection from cold, heat and other environmental factors. But costume did not only protect the human body, it decorated it too, which proves that the core role of fashion has always been to adorn human body. But the difference between fashion and clothing is that the clothing has a sound function. Whereas with fashion it is not enough; we need it to express ourselves to the visually obsessed society through the way we wear clothes, jewellery and body art. We need fashion because others approve it and we always change it because it becomes dull and stops to serve its purpose of being unique.

Huck Finns real father essays

Huck Finns real father essays In Mark Twains novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn young Huck seems to have two fathers. Pap, his biological father, and Jim, the runaway slave who befriends Huck and acts the way a real father should. Pap (Hulks biological father) is an alcoholic who treats Huck very poorly. He beats Huck whenever he is hitting the bottle and only returned to Hucks life when he found out Huck was left a large sum of money. Jim was only in Hucks life to help him and thats is why he was a true father to Huck. Early in the story Pap kidnaps Huck and locks him in the house for several days . As a result of this monstrosity Huck decides to escape and fakes his death( Twain-33). He floats down the Mississippi on a canoe he found. He stops at Jacksons Island, a small island in the middle of the river. It is there where he meets up with Jim who had just runaway from his master. To cook their food and do other things they built a fire and decided to keep it burning all night. To keep it burning they decided to take turns watching it as the other person slept. One night Jim stayed up all night watching the fire and keeping a look out. When questioned about his actions he tells Huck that he felt bad waking him because he looked so peaceful. To me that is something only a true father would do. Another reason why Jim was more of a true father to Huck was through his actions. Pap would teach Huck the morals of southern society. One of these morals was racism. Although Huck knew in his heart that this was wrong he believed in it because of the way of society. Jim attempted to instill in Huck good, righteous beliefs. That is another way in which Jim was a true father. In conclusion, Jim was more of a true father to Huck then Pap for several reasons. These reasons were: (1)instilling beliefs that are right, (2) The way he treated Huck and (3)the things that he did f ...

Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper - Essay Example This figure was significantly less than the one recorded in previous years. There was an increase in juvenile crimes in 2005, 2006, and 2007, which made the law enforcers fear that the nation would witness a severe crime wave. The crime data collected in 2008 indicated that violent crimes had declined and young adults were being involved in simple assaults and drug offenses. According to Puzzanchera, (2009), most juveniles were being arrested for commission of crimes such as larceny, simple and aggravated assault. Minor crimes that were committed by juveniles during 2008 were property crimes. In relation to this, the FBI assesses trends in property crimes by monitoring offences such as theft of motor vehicle, larceny and burglary. These crimes increased during 2007-2008. According to Puzzanchera (2009), the number of juvenile female who were involved in the commission of crimes increased in 2008. Law enforcers were able to arrest over 600,000 females who were below the age of 18. During this year, females were arrested for robbery, simple assault, larceny and disorderly conduct. Moreover, during 2008, more female juveniles were arrested for commission of larceny whereas there was a decline in the number of males committing larceny. Puzzanchera (2009) indicates that minorities were highly involved in the commission of the aforementioned crimes. In all cases in which juveniles were arrested for the commission of violent crimes, half of the crimes involved black youth, 1% involved youth of Asian origin, 47% involved white juveniles and 1% involved youth of American Indian origin. In the commission of property crimes, two thirds of the arrested juveniles were white, while the rest were blacks with an insignificant number of Asian and Indian youth. In general, youths of black origin where represented in all instances of juvenile arrests. In 2008,

Compare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Compare - Essay Example In addition to managing to produce their own currency, the two companies also aimed at enhancing electronic transactions. This is evidenced by Levitan’s desire; he wanted to establish a currency that was different from other internet merchants. Just like Levitan, Nakamoto also worked industriously with an aim of making Bitcoin an open source exchange medium (â€Å"Bitcoin Foundation† 1). Additionally, the two dot-com ventures experienced serious transaction challenges at the start of their formation. In late 2010, the users of Bitcoin.com managed to overcome its economic restrictions leading to creation of indistinct number of bitcoins. 184 billion was raised and directed to two online addresses. Flooze.com also faced similar problem in 2001; a Russian crime syndicate used Flooz along with stolen credit card numbers in their money-laundering scheme (CNET News.com Staff 1). Unfortunately, Flooze.com did not manage to overcome this challenge; the fraudulent activity led t o its indefinite closure in late

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 371

Assignment Example A civil wrong referred to as a tort. In cases where the damage caused was not intentional, this is what is called unintentional tort. Negligence is the most common type of unintentional tort (Lesson 8). Unintentional tort does not require the victim to show proof of intent from the actor. Sovereign immunity is a judicial doctrine that protects government agencies from liability (Lesson 8). The Texas Tort Claims is there to protect school districts from liability resulting from any case that might arise, except those that result from the school or its staff being negligent (Walsh, Kemerer and Maniotis, 2010). Example: in countries ruled by monarchies, the concept of sovereign immunity applies because the king or the queen are said not to do any wrong. In the case on Barr v. Bernhard the court ruled that the school known as Kerrville ISD was not liable for the damage caused when a barn roof collapsed on a student (Lesson 8). This case is significant because it serves as an example, for students and parents who may decide to sue schools which are usually immune to such liabilities (Lesson 8). Wood v. Strickland serves as an example for other. One, the school officials’ immunity was dependent on if the officials had acted sincerely without malicious intent to deprive students of their rights (Lesson 8). Secondly, if they knew their actions violated the constitutional rights. The case shows the key grounds for students to sue if their due process rights get violated. The coach is still liable because using the defense that there was assumption of risk does not relieve him from negligence (Lesson 8). Foreseeability is an important aspect in liability cases such as the negligence cases (Lesson 8). If a teacher fails to foresee that a student may be harmed and the teacher does act in a prudent manner, they are liable for

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking Essay The Curriculum and Instruction In an idealistic perspective, general education should be given much emphasis. True enough, even in the tertiary level in the Philippines, general subjects are still taken for the development of wholeness and excellence as human beings. The curriculum of our education system is also cumulative. Therefore, there is progression in learning while harnessing our past knowledge. Idealism in education gave importance to the subjects like philosophy, theology, history, literature and arts. This is evident especially in college. In some universities, the students are mandatory to take philosophy and theology in 12 units each. These subjects invoke the students to be conscious truth seekers as they step out in the real yet materialistic world. Whereas the science subjects, it help the students in dealing with cause and effect relationships. Language, too, is given high importance as our tool for communication. Moreover, critical thinking is highly imposed on the students so that we may not be deceived by our senses. Ideally, all of the subjects should be values-integrated and deals with real-life problems. The education system in the Philippines may not be too concerned with the Macrocosm concept but usually, especially in the Catholic schools, the curriculum is theocentric and there is the emphasis on acting in Christ-like ways, which can be considered as the ideals. The Educator All the people that make up the school especially the teachers are bound to be the students’ moral and cultural models. It’s with them that the students aspire to be upright individuals. Moreover, the teachers make use of references about inspirational models such as heroes, exemplars, etc. so that the students, too, will embody their good traits. In an idealistic method, the teachers incorporate effective communication with the students, especially Socratic dialoguing. This evokes the students to be critical thinkers through questioning and rationalizing. The Philippines is known to have a lot of heroes, from epic stories to real life stories. We are taught to identify the qualities of their heroism and be like them. We are trained to communicate, debate even, what is good, what is beautiful and what is true. We are shaped to be intuitive learners because learning does not stop, for the search of the truth is part of our lives. The Goals for the Students Again, the students in an idealistic set-up are expected to be truth seekers as they study the subjects that elicit critical thinking. In the journey of studying, they made use of their senses but more importantly, they process all of their observations and feelings through reflection. In this way, the learner examines his own mind and compares or shares it with others in order to seek for the truth. This I believe is harnessed in our education system because, at least from the schools I came from, we are trained to be intuitive and have introspective explorations. All of these goals boil down to an ultimate objective which is for self-development. This can be attained if we are values-driven, intrinsically motivated and if we are immersed with our cultural heritage. These again are highlighted in the Philippine education.

Analysis of Team Nursing Delivery Model

Analysis of Team Nursing Delivery Model Jee Hae Kim History of Team Nursing Team nursing started from the 1950s to improve nursing services by using the knowledge and skills of professional nurses and to supervise the increasing numbers of supporting nursing staff. The result was an improvement in patient and staff satisfaction. This try requires critical leadership and good communication skills to bring several nurses together, led by a leader, to work cooperatively to deliver a better nursing care than possible with individual nurses working alone (Dobson, Adamson, and Drexler, 2007). Experiences of nurses delivering care in teams have been explored from the perspective of nurses, team leaders and nurse managers (Ferguson and Cioffi, 2011). The model used a group of nurses with diversity in education, skills and professional registration status (Fairbrother, Jones, Rivas, 2010). From 1960s to 1970s, it was the golden age of team nursing. Applying humanistic values in the workplace became increasingly important during this period (Tiedeman Lookinland, 200 4 cited in Fairbrother, et.al, 2010) and the team approach seemed to account for the whole patient (as primary nursing had done) within the context of a multi-level skill mix and responsibility mix environment. What personnel are utilized? what are their roles and responsibilities? Team nursing consists of a charge nurse leading nursing assistants and other personnel to provide care to a group of patients. Health care professionals work in a team to complete all assignments for each shift. As registered nurses, charge nurses are held accountable for unlicensed personnel. In the team nursing RN functions as a team leader and coordinates the small group (no more than four or five) of ancillary personnel to provide care to a small group of patients. As coordinator of the team, the RN must know the condition and needs of all patients assigned to the team and plan for the individualized care for each patient. (Marquis and Huston, 2003) The team leader is also responsible for encouraging a cooperative environment and maintaining clear communication among all team members. The team leader’s duties include planning care, assigning duties, directing and assisting team members, giving direct patient care, teaching and coordinating patient activities. How is the work coordinated? Patient care is delivered through the coordination and cooperation of each team member through delegation of assignments with respect to the team member’s level of responsibility and accountability. Delegation of patients and duties are done at the beginning of the shift, while a summary of care given and outcomes resulting from patient care is conveyed at the end. Any action that is done by unlicensed assistive personnel, nursing aid or nurse volunteer is the responsibility and accountability of the team leader, the registered nurse. The team leader assigns each member specific responsibilities dependent on the role. The members of the team report directly to the team leader, who then reports to the charge nurse or unit manager. Communication is enhanced through the use of written patient assignments, the development of nursing care plans, and the use of regularly scheduled team conferences to discuss the patient status and formulate revisions to the plan of care. However, for team nursing to succeed, the team leader must have strong clinical skills, good communication skills, delegation ability, decision-making ability, and the ability to create a cooperative working environment. What are the reporting relationships? For nurses, the benefits have been identified as improved working relationships increased ability to share and work together and availability of a shared network. However, some issues identified with team nursing have been inadequate preparation for team nursing. For example, there is an increased responsibility for registered nurses particularly when in the role of team leader, unfair and uneven workloads leading to overburdening of staff and confusion around roles and responsibilities in the team (Furguson Cioffi, 2011). Team leaders reported that their job satisfaction improved particularly through enhanced relationships and seeing staff develop. These findings clearly indicate gains for both patients and staff can be made with team nursing. From the perspective of nurse managers, findings show relationships for patients, relatives and staff improved, staff morale and motivation increased and communications improved (Furguson Cioffi, 2011). What are the educational requirements for the various positions? The managers who implemented team nursing identified retrospectively that more information and educational support is essential. As little is currently known about nurse managers’ experiences with team nursing this study explored and described managers’ experiences of team nursing (Furguson Cioffi, 2011). Discuss how team nursing model affects or influences cost, quality of care and patient satisfaction When nursing units are inadequately staffed, the consequences include higher costs and poorer outcomes for patients and nurses. Overall costs are reduced when nurses are retained, which is more likely in healthy environments that support professional nursing practice and nurses’ health and work-life balance (O’Brienà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pallas, Meyer, Hayes, Wang, 2011). According to research related to team nursing experiment, the team nurses found that 62% of patients were very satisfied about their care. After three weeks of implementing team nursing care, patient satisfaction data were again collected daily for one month. These data revealed that 91% of patients were very satisfied with the care they received (Snide Nailon, 2013). How is the availability of resources taken into consideration when adopting this model? Main findings show nurse managers’ experiences of team nursing focused on the adaptation to team nursing with its associated gains and concerns. Managers identified that similar factors had precipitated the change to team nursing within their ward areas and it was acknowledged the implementation process needed to be better planned to include collaboration with staff, clear protocols and roles for teams. How does the delivery model affect job satisfaction? The results indicated that RNs were significantly happier at work than any of the other staff categories at both baseline and follow up. When considering the direction of change in job satisfaction (i.e. baseline vs follow up) by staff category, small net negative changes were noticed for RNs and positive changes were noted for the other three groups. The proportionally largest change was detected among new graduate RNs, whose mean scores were markedly improved at follow up. This difference was marginally statistically significant. A statistically significant result was unlikely to be obtainable with the small numbers of new graduates surveyed (Fairbrother, et.al, 2010). This supports that teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbased models can improve patient safety, quality of care and the work environment. Summarize the pros and cons of team nursing care delivery model. The advantage of team nursing is that the total number of absences and leaves related to over-work and medical conditions related to stress and fatigue is lessened. This is due to the sharing of workload between each team members, enabling them to do a huge amount of work in such a short time without undue exertion. This delegation of duties will also enable team members to hone their skills in different nursing tasks, and also improve their ability to communicate and coordinate. Each can also learn from each other during team conference while discussing on ways how to go about in caring for different patients. Once the team has established themselves as members and not as individuals each would feel that they belong thereby increasing nurse morale. This in turn would improve the quality of care each would give to the clients, leading to better patient satisfaction. Each will realize each team member’s role in caring is important for the client, minimizing the barrier between each profession. By the way, a lack of communication can be occurred in team nursing due to the shared work load. If team members are constantly being re-shuffled, the continuity of care can be interrupted, leading to patient dissatisfaction. Patients are more likely to become uncomfortable with numerous team members providing care, as this can be distracting. References Dobson, C., Adamson, N. and Drexler, D. (2007). Medicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsurgical unit team nursing: Description challenges and measurement in a complex system. Nurse Leader, 5(3):55à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ60 Fairbrother, G., Jones, A., Rivas, K. (2010). Changing model of nursing care from individual patient allocation to team nursing in the acute inpatient environment. Contemporary Nurse, 35(2), 202-220. Ferguson, L., Cioffi, J. (2011). Team nursing: experiences of nurse managers in acute care settings. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. ND, 28(4), 5-11. O’Brienà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pallas, L., Meyer, R. M., Hayes, L. J., Wang, S. (2011). The Patient Care Delivery Model–an open system framework: conceptualization, literature review and analytical strategy. Journal of clinical nursing, 20(11à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 12), 1640-1650. Snide, J., Nailon, R. (2013). Nursing Staff Innovations Result in Improved Patient Satisfaction. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 113(10), 42-50.

Influence of Stereotypes in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay e

Introduction Section One: Harper Lee’s Life Section Two: Time Period Influences on Lee’s Writing Section Three: Influence of Stereotypes Section Four: To Kill a Mockingbird Reviews Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Which doll is better? In the 1950s, psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark asked black children between three and seven to answer this simple, yet revealing question. The kids were shown four dolls that were exactly the same except for their skin colors. Almost three quarters of the children chose the white doll as being superior and attributed positive characteristics to it. When asked why they picked it, they replied with, â€Å"Because it’s white† (Abagond). Almost half a century later, in 2005, Kiri Davis repeated the test to see if psychology has changed in any way. Results show 71% of the children preferring the white doll (Edne). These tests demonstrate the incredible stereotypical beliefs still present today. The belief that there is only one acceptable perception to anything is ingrained into society’s minds, and limits individuals from thinking for themselves. Author Harper Lee explores this topic as she displays to readers prevalent stereotypes and thei r effects in her novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Section One: Harper Lee’s Life Harper Lee was born April 28th, 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama. Lee’s father, Amasa Coleman (A.C.) Lee, was a former newspaper editor who served as a state senator and lawyer. Due to his occupations, A.C. had a tremendous influence on her writing. Not only is A.C. a writer just like Lee; but, the main character in Lee’s novel, Scout Finches’, father, Atticus, also practices law. Atticus defends a black man accused of raping a white woman who is found guilty and murdered. Simil... ...ompany, 1960. McLeod, Saul. "Asch Experiment." SimplyPsychology. N.p., 2008. Web. 04 Feb. 2014. . Pauli, Michelle. "Harper Lee Tops Librarians' Must-read List." Theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media, 02 Mar. 2006. Web. 05 Feb. 2014. "POLL FINDS WHITES USE STEREOTYPES." The New York Times. The New York Times, 10 Jan. 1991. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. . "The Scottsboro Case | The Nation." The Scottsboro Case | The Nation. N.p., 31 Aug. 2010. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. . Shmoop Editorial Team. "Harper Lee: Childhood." Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 08 Feb. 2014. . Teen Help Blog." Teen Help Blog. N.p., 28 Dec. 2011. Web. 19 Feb. 2014.